Tracing the evolution of genetic research at the start of the 21st century is a task that sometimes feels as intricate as the science itself. In 2001, much of the excitement around the completion of the Human Genome Project was matched by uncertainty over how genetic engineering would unfold commercially and institutionally. For those looking […]
Looking back at Silicon Valley in 2001, it’s hard to avoid a sense of contradiction. The dot-com bubble had burst, but the ecosystem itself was, if anything, accelerating. While many high-profile failures grabbed headlines, an undercurrent of new startups persisted—some on borrowed time, others already laying the groundwork for the internet’s next phase. For economists […]
Tracking the first major expansion of digital advertising agencies is an exercise in both clarity and frustration. The year 2000 stands out as a curious milestone—far enough into the internet era that “online advertising” had become a recognizable industry, but still early enough that definitions were fluid, and the numbers rarely aligned as one might […]
The turn of the millennium was an inflection point for renewable energy—geothermal in particular. Assessing the scale and spread of geothermal expansion around 2000, though, is not just a question of output totals or new plant announcements. The underlying data, drawn from ISIC 3510—electric power generation, transmission, and distribution—offers both opportunity and complication. Within this […]
By the year 2000, the word “biotechnology” had started to acquire a new weight in economic and policy circles. The Human Genome Project was cresting toward its completion, and suddenly there was a sense—sometimes anxious, sometimes breathless—that the future would be written in genes and proteins as much as in silicon. For anyone trying to […]
If you asked most economists or policymakers at the end of the 1990s what would transform national economies next, the conversation would have circled inevitably to telecommunications. Deregulation—so often debated, often contentious—had swept through much of Europe, Asia, and the Americas by 1999, upending the old model of state-run monopolies. For those tasked with measuring […]
In 1999, the idea of buying books, shoes, or even groceries online still struck many as either wildly futuristic or quietly risky. Yet the undercurrent of commercial innovation was unmistakable. For economists or statisticians hoping to track the expansion of early ecommerce platforms, the search starts with an imperfect tool: ISIC 6201—computer programming activities. In […]
Estimating the impact of software piracy at the close of the 1990s is a task that—despite the best intentions—often resists straightforward measurement. In 1998, piracy was front-page news in some places, but mostly an ambient risk, a silent factor lurking beneath the official numbers. For analysts seeking to make sense of its effects, ISIC 6201—computer […]
The 2023 updates to Japan’s Act on Promotion of Resource Recycling marked, in many respects, a turning point in the country’s approach to tracking e-waste. While the original 2020 legislation already laid down a framework for promoting circularity in materials use, the latest revisions take a more assertive stance on traceability, particularly when it comes […]
In 1998, the legacy of the Asian Financial Crisis still weighed heavily across the region’s economies. The crisis itself—unfolding through 1997 and into the following year—left few sectors untouched. For those interested in the intersection of economic contraction and infrastructure, the power generation industry stands out as a particularly telling case. ISIC 3510—electric power generation, […]
The late 1990s stand out as a moment of rapid, almost chaotic, change for communications infrastructure worldwide. Nowhere is this more evident than in the sudden proliferation of Internet Service Providers (ISPs). In 1997, “getting online” was still a novelty for many, but the groundwork for a global digital economy was being laid—one domain registration, […]
There’s a particular uncertainty to studying genomics at its inception—especially if you’re doing so through the lens of economic data. By 1997, genomics was shedding its reputation as a purely academic pursuit, becoming a field with real commercial gravity. Still, the boundaries were fuzzy. Startups and university spinouts worked alongside established research institutes, and the […]
The mid-1990s, for anyone who cares to look closely, mark a period of unmistakable dynamism in telecommunications. Nowhere is this clearer than in the expansion of mobile phone networks, a transformation that left its mark on both developed and emerging markets. ISIC 6420—Telecommunications—serves as the formal backbone for statistical mapping. Yet, like all such systems, […]
Measuring the effects of EU single-market policies on Europe’s power sector in 1996 is an exercise in reading both what’s visible in the data and what is only partially documented. The mid-90s brought a surge of legislation and, soon after, a wave of restructuring—especially in the electricity industry. The intention was clear: break down national […]
For those interested in the digital economy’s genealogy, the year 1995 represents something of a prelude—a period dense with experimentation, hesitation, and the kind of entrepreneurial activity that would, within just a few years, become known as the dot-com boom. Yet, these early digital startups, the “precursors” to the wave of late-90s internet companies, are […]
For anyone examining the rise of the commercial internet, the story of the mid-1990s is inseparable from the invisible infrastructure that made it possible: the backbone. In 1995, the phrase “internet backbone” had a technical ring, more familiar to engineers than to the general public, but its impact was about to reshape economies. The work […]